![]() Note that there is no clear division between metallic and non-metallic character. Fluorine gas reacts explosively with many other elements and compounds, and is considered to be one of the most dangerous known substances. It is not found in nature as a free element. A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic solid, generally based on an oxide, nitride, boride, or carbide, that is fired at a high temperature. Metal reactivity relates to ability to lose electrons (oxidize. Four major factors affect reactivity of metals: nuclear charge, atomic radius, shielding effect and sublevel arrangement (of electrons). While the earliest ceramics were pottery, the term encompasses a large group of materials, including some pure elements. The elements within the same group of the periodic table tend to exhibit similar physical and chemical properties. Since the noble gases are a special group because of their lack of reactivity, the element fluorine is the most reactive nonmetal. The word 'ceramic' comes from the Greek word 'keramikos', which means 'of pottery'. ![]() The most reactive nonmetals reside in the upper right portion of the periodic table. Nonmetals tend to gain electrons in chemical reactions, and have a high attraction for electrons within a compound. In addition, the atomic radius increases going down a group, placing the outer electrons further away from the nucleus and making that electron less attracted by the nucleus. Since the ionization energy decreases going down a group (or increases going up a group), the increased ability for metals lower in a group to lose electrons makes them more reactive. The metallic character increases as you go down a group. ![]() Reactivity of metals is based on processes such as the formation of halide compounds with halogens, and how easily the element displaces hydrogen from dilute acids. (Credit: User:Mirek2/Wikimedia Commons Source: Commons Wikimedia, Periodic Trends(opens in new window) License: Public Domain)
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